The proliferation of IoT technologies is driving this digital transformation, to better manage energy generation and distribution, and offer a wider range of services to enhance urban living, improve efficiency with sustainability. Smart city applications includes smart homes, building automation, smart meters, public lighting, parking, air quality monitoring, waste management, and smart transportation.

For instance, smart streetlights reduce energy and maintenance costs, smart parking solutions alleviate traffic by indicating available car slots, and smart waste management systems enhance efficiency by monitoring fill levels and optimizing collection routes; Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) connectivity technology can interconnect these infrastructures exchanging real-time data in citywide network.

Moreover, as urban areas expand, issues like noise and air pollution intensify, smart monitoring systems gather data to safeguard citizen health and inform city planning. LPWAN technology can support to tracks environmental factors, providing insights for resource management.

Smart meters offer real-time insights into electricity usage and supply, facilitating efficient distribution and enabling dynamic tariff schemes, resulting in cost savings. Additionally, smart city infrastructure employs sensors for real-time monitoring, such as health building sensors that assess temperature, humidity, and air quality, as well as vibration sensors that detect structural changes. These technologies decrease maintenance expenses and enhance safety, contributing to more efficient, sustainable, and livable cities.

Connectivity is a key enabler for Smart City, and LPWAN technology is playing a crucial role in this regard. Among the various LPWAN options available today, Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) are considered the best connectivity options for smart city and smart land solutions, providing low power and secure connections

LoRa and LoRaWAN technology

LoRaWAN is a low-power, wide-area network technology designed for IoT devices. It is commonly used in smart cities to connect and manage various IoT devices, including environmental sensors, smart parking meters, and traffic management systems.

LoRa is a patented modulation technique by Semtech that provides low-power, long-range communication using spread spectrum modulation technique derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology.

LoRa’s modulation, changes its frequency over time, this redces interference and the need to re-transmit data. Unlike FSK, LoRa’s signal is resistant to in-band interference mechanisms, require much less power, increasing battery life, allowing them to function in many places

LoRaWAN is an open standard developed by the LoRa Alliance to allow LoRa communication over long-range networks. LoRa Technology presents a suite of technical and business benefits tailored for smart city applications. It excels in delivering long-range connectivity up to 15km, simplifying deployment without the need for intricate coverage analysis, and is well-suited for both indoor and outdoor environments, operating within an efficient star network topology.

Moreover, LoRa ensures robust data transmission, thanks to its protocol that incorporates a Listen Before Talk (LBT) function, inspired by the Aloha method, and features like automatic frequency hopping and rate adaptation, which collectively guarantee reliable and efficient data exchange.

In terms of energy consumption and cost, LoRa is providing great ultra low power consumption for long-range connectivity, Sensors powered by batteries can operate up to more years, substantially reducing maintenance expenses and proving ideal for inaccessible or remote areas.

Security is not an afterthought with LoRa; it integrates advanced security protocols including end-to-end encryption and AES-128 encryption, ensuring that data transmission remains secure. The network's security framework is fortified during device registration, which facilitates mutual authentication between the end-device and the LoRaWAN network.

LoRaWAN is an open standard backed by the LoRa Alliance, guarantees smooth and straightforward scalability. Its unique star-of-stars network architecture is capable of supporting expansive networks with millions of devices.

Finally, LoRa Technology empowers cities with the flexibility to select from multiple network service providers, potentially driving down costs. Cities also have the option to establish their own municipal networks to host various applications, further optimizing expenses by leasing bandwidth to local businesses seeking to run their applications.

STMicroelectronics offers a comprehensive range of end-node solutions for LoRa applications, including sensors, processors, and RF communication solutions. The STM32WL is the world's first wireless microcontroller to integrate a LoRa transceiver on its silicon die, providing a more integrated solution than previous industry offerings. STMicroelectronics offers several evaluation boards based on the STM32WL, including the STEVAL-ASTRA1B, which is a multi-connectivity solution that includes LoRa, Bluetooth, and NFC, as well as GNSS positioning and several MEMS sensors such as temperature, pressure, accelerometer, and gyroscope. This solution is an end-to-end proof of concept, with the STAssetTracking Mobile app for configuration and real-time monitoring via BLE and a web-based cloud dashboard, the DSH-ASSETRACKING, for remote real-time monitoring